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This article is primarily for network administrators and other people who manage their own network. If you're trying to join a Wi-Fi network, one of these articles should help:
- Mac: Connect to Wi-Fi and resolve Wi-Fi issues.
- iPhone, iPad or iPod touch: Connect to Wi-Fi and resolve Wi-Fi issues.
About privacy and security warnings
If your Apple device displays a privacy warning or warning about the weak security of a Wi-Fi network, that network could expose information about your device. Apple recommends connecting to Wi-Fi networks that meet or exceed the security standards outlined in this article.
Before changing the settings on your router
- Back up your router's settings, in case you need to restore them.
- Update the software on your devices. This is critical for ensuring your devices have the latest security updates and work the best they can with each other.
- First, install the latest firmware updates for your router.
- Then, update the software on your other devices, such as on your Mac and on your iPhone or iPad.
- On each device that had previously joined the network, you may need to forget the network to ensure the device uses the router's new settings when rejoining the network.
Router settings
To ensure that your devices can connect securely and reliably to your network, apply these settings consistently to each Wi-Fi router and access point, and to each band of a dual-band, tri-band or other multi-band router.
Security
Set to WPA3 Personal for better security
Set to WPA2/WPA3 Transitional for compatibility with older devices
The security setting defines the type of authentication and encryption used by your router, and the level of privacy protection for data transmitted over its network. Whichever setting you choose, always set a strong password for joining the network.
- WPA3 Personal is the newest, most secure protocol currently available for Wi-Fi devices. It works with all devices that support Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax), and some older devices too.
- WPA2/WPA3 Transitional is a mixed mode that uses WPA3 Personal with devices that support that protocol, while allowing older devices to use WPA2 Personal (AES) instead.
- WPA2 Personal (AES) is appropriate when you can't use one of the more secure modes. In that case, also choose AES as the encryption or cipher type, if available.
Weak security settings to avoid on your router
Don't create or join networks that use older, deprecated security protocols. These are no longer secure, they reduce network reliability and performance, and they will cause your device to display a security warning:
- WPA/WPA2 mixed modes
- WPA Personal
- WEP, including WEP Open, WEP Shared, WEP Transitional Security Network or Dynamic WEP (WEP with 802.1X)
- TKIP, including any security setting with TKIP in the name
Settings that turn off security, such as None, Open or Unsecured, are also strongly discouraged. Turning off security disables authentication and encryption and allows anyone to join your network, access its shared resources (including printers, computers and smart devices), use your Internet connection, and monitor the websites you visit and other data that's transmitted over your network or Internet connection. This is a risk even if security has been turned off temporarily or for a guest network.
Network name (SSID)
Set to a single, unique name (case sensitive)
The Wi-Fi network name, or service set identifier (SSID), is the name your network uses to advertise its presence to other devices. It's also the name that nearby users will see on their device's list of available networks.
Use a name that's unique to your network, and make sure all routers on your network use the same name for every band they support. For example, don't use common names or default names, such as linksys, netgear, dlink, wireless or 2wire, and don't give your 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands different names.
If you don't follow this guidance, your devices may not connect reliably to your network, to all of the routers on your network or to all of the available bands of your routers. And devices that join your network are more likely to encounter other networks that have the same name, and then automatically try to connect to them.
Hidden network
Set to Disabled
A router can be configured to hide its network name, or SSID. Your router may incorrectly use 'closed' to mean hidden, and 'broadcast' to mean not hidden.
Hiding the network name doesn't conceal the network from being detected or secure it against unauthorised access. And because of the way devices search for and connect to Wi-Fi networks, using a hidden network may expose information that can be used to identify you and the hidden networks you use, such as your home network. When connected to a hidden network, your device may display a privacy warning due to this privacy risk.
To secure access to your network, use the appropriate security setting instead.
MAC address filtering, authentication and access control
Set to Disabled
When this feature is enabled, your router can be set up to only allow devices that have specified media access control (MAC) addresses to join the network. Reasons why you shouldn't rely on this feature to prevent unauthorised access to your network:
- It doesn't prevent network observers from monitoring or intercepting traffic on the network.
- MAC addresses can easily be copied, spoofed (impersonated) or changed.
- To help protect user privacy, some Apple devices use a different MAC address for each Wi-Fi network.
To secure access to your network, use the appropriate security setting instead.
Automatic firmware updates
Set to Enabled
If possible, set your router to install software and firmware updates automatically as they become available. Firmware updates can affect the security settings available to you, and they deliver other important improvements to the stability, performance and security of your router.
Radio mode
Set to All (preferred),or Wi-Fi 2 to Wi-Fi 6 (802.11a/g/n/ac/ax)
These settings, available separately for the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, control which versions of the Wi-Fi standard the router uses for wireless communication. Newer versions offer better performance and can support more devices concurrently.
It's usually best to enable every mode that's offered by your router, rather than a subset of these modes. All devices, including older devices, can then connect using the fastest radio mode they support. This also helps reduce interference from nearby legacy networks and devices.
Bands
Enable all bands that are supported by your router
A Wi-Fi band is like a road that data can flow down. More bands provide more data capacity and performance for your network.
Channel
Set to Auto
Each band of your router is divided into multiple, independent communication channels, like different lanes on a road. When channel selection is set to automatic, your router will select the best Wi-Fi channel for you.
If your router doesn't support automatic channel selection, choose whichever channel performs best in your network environment. That varies depending on the Wi-Fi interference in your network environment, which can include interference from any other routers and devices that are using the same channel. If you have multiple routers, configure each one to use a different channel, especially if they are close to each other.
Channel width
Router settings
To ensure that your devices can connect securely and reliably to your network, apply these settings consistently to each Wi-Fi router and access point, and to each band of a dual-band, tri-band or other multi-band router.
Security
Set to WPA3 Personal for better security
Set to WPA2/WPA3 Transitional for compatibility with older devices
The security setting defines the type of authentication and encryption used by your router, and the level of privacy protection for data transmitted over its network. Whichever setting you choose, always set a strong password for joining the network.
- WPA3 Personal is the newest, most secure protocol currently available for Wi-Fi devices. It works with all devices that support Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax), and some older devices too.
- WPA2/WPA3 Transitional is a mixed mode that uses WPA3 Personal with devices that support that protocol, while allowing older devices to use WPA2 Personal (AES) instead.
- WPA2 Personal (AES) is appropriate when you can't use one of the more secure modes. In that case, also choose AES as the encryption or cipher type, if available.
Weak security settings to avoid on your router
Don't create or join networks that use older, deprecated security protocols. These are no longer secure, they reduce network reliability and performance, and they will cause your device to display a security warning:
- WPA/WPA2 mixed modes
- WPA Personal
- WEP, including WEP Open, WEP Shared, WEP Transitional Security Network or Dynamic WEP (WEP with 802.1X)
- TKIP, including any security setting with TKIP in the name
Settings that turn off security, such as None, Open or Unsecured, are also strongly discouraged. Turning off security disables authentication and encryption and allows anyone to join your network, access its shared resources (including printers, computers and smart devices), use your Internet connection, and monitor the websites you visit and other data that's transmitted over your network or Internet connection. This is a risk even if security has been turned off temporarily or for a guest network.
Network name (SSID)
Set to a single, unique name (case sensitive)
The Wi-Fi network name, or service set identifier (SSID), is the name your network uses to advertise its presence to other devices. It's also the name that nearby users will see on their device's list of available networks.
Use a name that's unique to your network, and make sure all routers on your network use the same name for every band they support. For example, don't use common names or default names, such as linksys, netgear, dlink, wireless or 2wire, and don't give your 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands different names.
If you don't follow this guidance, your devices may not connect reliably to your network, to all of the routers on your network or to all of the available bands of your routers. And devices that join your network are more likely to encounter other networks that have the same name, and then automatically try to connect to them.
Hidden network
Set to Disabled
A router can be configured to hide its network name, or SSID. Your router may incorrectly use 'closed' to mean hidden, and 'broadcast' to mean not hidden.
Hiding the network name doesn't conceal the network from being detected or secure it against unauthorised access. And because of the way devices search for and connect to Wi-Fi networks, using a hidden network may expose information that can be used to identify you and the hidden networks you use, such as your home network. When connected to a hidden network, your device may display a privacy warning due to this privacy risk.
To secure access to your network, use the appropriate security setting instead.
MAC address filtering, authentication and access control
Set to Disabled
When this feature is enabled, your router can be set up to only allow devices that have specified media access control (MAC) addresses to join the network. Reasons why you shouldn't rely on this feature to prevent unauthorised access to your network:
- It doesn't prevent network observers from monitoring or intercepting traffic on the network.
- MAC addresses can easily be copied, spoofed (impersonated) or changed.
- To help protect user privacy, some Apple devices use a different MAC address for each Wi-Fi network.
To secure access to your network, use the appropriate security setting instead.
Automatic firmware updates
Set to Enabled
If possible, set your router to install software and firmware updates automatically as they become available. Firmware updates can affect the security settings available to you, and they deliver other important improvements to the stability, performance and security of your router.
Radio mode
Set to All (preferred),or Wi-Fi 2 to Wi-Fi 6 (802.11a/g/n/ac/ax)
These settings, available separately for the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, control which versions of the Wi-Fi standard the router uses for wireless communication. Newer versions offer better performance and can support more devices concurrently.
It's usually best to enable every mode that's offered by your router, rather than a subset of these modes. All devices, including older devices, can then connect using the fastest radio mode they support. This also helps reduce interference from nearby legacy networks and devices.
Bands
Enable all bands that are supported by your router
A Wi-Fi band is like a road that data can flow down. More bands provide more data capacity and performance for your network.
Channel
Set to Auto
Each band of your router is divided into multiple, independent communication channels, like different lanes on a road. When channel selection is set to automatic, your router will select the best Wi-Fi channel for you.
If your router doesn't support automatic channel selection, choose whichever channel performs best in your network environment. That varies depending on the Wi-Fi interference in your network environment, which can include interference from any other routers and devices that are using the same channel. If you have multiple routers, configure each one to use a different channel, especially if they are close to each other.
Channel width
Set to 20 MHz for the 2.4 GHz band
Set to Auto orall widths (20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz) for the 5 GHz band
Channel width specifies the size of 'pipe' available to transfer data. Wider channels are faster but more susceptible to interference, and also more likely to interfere with other devices.
- 20 MHz for the 2.4 GHz band helps to avoid performance and reliability issues, especially near other Wi-Fi networks and 2.4 GHz devices, including Bluetooth devices.
- Auto or all channel widths for the 5 GHz band ensures the best performance and compatibility with all devices. Wireless interference is less of a concern in the 5 GHz band.
DHCP
Set to Enabled, if your router is the only DHCP server on the network
Dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) assigns IP addresses to devices on your network. Each IP address identifies a device on the network and enables it to communicate with other devices on the network and Internet. A network device needs an IP address, much like a phone needs a phone number.
Your network should only have one DHCP server. If DHCP is enabled on more than one device, such as on both your cable modem and router, address conflicts may prevent some devices from connecting to the Internet or using network resources.
DHCP lease time
Set to 8 hours for home or office networks; 1 hour for hotspots or guest networks
DHCP lease time is the length of time that an IP address assigned to a device is reserved for that device.
Wi-Fi routers usually have a limited number of IP addresses they can assign to devices on the network. If that number is depleted, the router can't assign IP addresses to new devices, and these devices can't communicate with other devices on the network and Internet. F!shing mac os. Reducing DHCP lease time allows the router to reclaim and reassign old IP addresses that are no longer being used faster.
NAT
Set to Enabled, if your router is the only device providing NAT on the network
Network address translation (NAT) translates between addresses on the Internet and addresses on your network. NAT can be understood by imagining a company's post room, where deliveries to employees at the company's address are directed to employee offices within the building.
You should generally only enable NAT on your router. If NAT is enabled on more than one device, such as on both your cable modem and router, the resulting 'double NAT' may cause devices to lose access to certain resources on the network or Internet.
WMM
Set to Enabled
WMM (Wi-Fi multimedia) prioritises network traffic to improve the performance of a variety of network applications, such as video and voice. All routers that support Wi-Fi 4 (802.11n) or later should have WMM enabled by default. Disabling WMM can affect the performance and reliability of devices on the network.
Device features that can affect Wi-Fi connections
These features may affect how you set up your router or the devices that connect to it.
Private Wi-Fi Address
If you're connecting to a Wi-Fi network from an iPhone, iPad, iPod touch or Apple Watch, find out more about using private Wi-Fi addresses in iOS 14, iPadOS 14 and watchOS 7.
Location Services
Make sure your device has Location Services turned on for Wi-Fi networking, because regulations in each country or region define the Wi-Fi channels and wireless signal strength allowed there. Location Services helps to ensure your device can reliably see and connect to nearby devices, and that it performs well when using Wi-Fi or features that rely on Wi-Fi, such as AirPlay or AirDrop.
On your Mac:
- Choose Apple menu > System Preferences, then click Security & Privacy.
- Click the lock in the corner of the window, then enter your administrator password.
- In the Privacy tab, select Location Services, then select Enable Location Services.
- Scroll to the bottom of the list of apps and services, then click the Details button next to System Services.
- Select Wi-Fi Networking, then click Done.
On your iPhone, iPad or iPod touch:
- Go to Settings > Privacy > Location Services.
- Turn on Location Services.
- Scroll to the bottom of the list, then tap System Services.
- Turn on Networking & Wireless (or Wi-Fi Networking).
Auto-Join when used with wireless network provider Wi-Fi networks
Wireless network provider Wi-Fi networks are public networks set up by your wireless network provider and their partners. Your iPhone or other Apple mobile device treats them as known networks and connects to them automatically.
If you see a 'Privacy Warning' under the name of your network provider's network in Wi-Fi settings, your mobile identity could be exposed if your device were to join a malicious hotspot impersonating your network provider's Wi-Fi network. To avoid this possibility, you can prevent your iPhone or iPad from automatically rejoining your network provider's Wi-Fi network:
- Go to Settings > Wi-Fi.
- Tap next to the wireless network provider's network.
- Turn off Auto-Join.
ANWIDA Soft releases SPAZIO Light, a freeware reverb effect in VST and AU plugin formats for macOS (the Windows-compatible edition of the plugin is coming soon).
SPAZIO Light true stereo reverb capable of simulating a variety of spaces. The developers claim that SPAZIO Light excels at emulating anything from small rooms to large concert halls and natural spaces.
I'm sure some of our readers will remember the old (and now discontinued) DX Reverb Light plugin by ANWIDA Soft. It featured a completely different GUI, but the available control parameters were exactly the same as in SPAZIO Light.
While ANWIDA Soft doesn't mention DX Reverb Light on the SPAZIO Light, I wouldn't be surprised if the new plugin uses at least some fragments of the old code. I actually used DX Reverb Light quite a lot back in the day. It was easy to operate and delivered some pretty good-sounding room reverbs.
Let's take a closer look and SPAZIO Light's feature set. The plugin offers five controllable parameters. The user can tweak the simulated space by setting the pre-delay, decay, and low-pass controls. It is also possible to adjust the mix balance and the output volume.
Bedroom Mac Os X
For users who value high precision, the GUI lets you enter the numeric values below each slider control. This isn't a must-have feature by any means, but it's a handy option to have at your disposal.
ANWIDA Soft claims that the plugin uses 'highly optimized DSP code' and 'ultra-clean and noiseless processing.' Again, it would be pretty cool if SPAZIO Light uses the same code as DX Reverb Light, only optimized for modern CPUs and operating systems.
I couldn't test SPAZIO Light in my DAW because the plugin is currently only available on macOS. Hopefully, the developer will release the Windows version of the plugin sooner than later.
Have you tested the new SPAZIO Light plugin by ANWIDA Soft? You're welcome to post your first impressions in the comments section below. I'd love to hear how the plugin compares to the old DX Reverb Light freebie, too!
Download:SPAZIO Light(4.4 MB download size, DMG file, 64-bit VST/AU plugin format for macOS)
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